Coastal Processes at East Coast Park Singapore free essay sample

An Investigation Into Coastal Processes At East Coast Park Introduction What is the point ? To explore the procedures that shape the coastline of the sea shore at East Coast Park , Singapore. What is the speculation ? The theory for this examination was that â€Å"natural forms are the main procedures molding the coastline at East Coast Park† Where was the 0ieldwork done ? This ieldwork was completed in the city territory of Singapore .Located only 1? over the equator , the country is an island nation in South East Asia encompassed by Malaysia, Indonesia and Borneo . East Coast Park itself is one of Singapore’s most frequented outside goals . Miles of bike and strolling ways , food courts , grill pits and man- ­? caused Singaporean sea shores to anticipate the individuals who show up here. These sea shores have concrete jetties along the coastline to decrease the impacts of longshore float. At East Coast Park , the two sea shores from where we accumulated information were Beach 22 ( AKA Beach 1) and a sea shore adjoining BBQ Pit 65F( AKA Beach 2) . Information was taken at two separate focuses at every one of these sites(A and B). The following is a guide of these sea shores and co- ­? ordinates of the destinations. Co- ­? ordinates : B1A= 012748(red cross) B1B= 12748(red hover with dab) B2A= 012814(red cross) B2B= 012814(red hover with spot) Why was this speculation examined ? This theory was concentrated to so as to empower its understudies to examine the sheer extent of procedures that influence the state of a coastline . Having partitioned the speculation into common and man- ­? made procedures , the understudies were not upheld to have any limitations on the procedures they examine and thus , the understudies of the theory would have wound up having a progressively complete information on the procedures influencing East Coast Park . Forecasts for Coastal Processes East Coast Park’s sea shores were based ashore recovered from the sea . This man- ­? made nature of the sea shore gives sign of the reality the man made procedures ought to in fact influence the sea shore as much , if not more , than the normal procedures. In spite of the fact that the human effect has conceivably been inluential at the sea shore , procedures, for example, disintegration, transportation, testimony despite everything occur at the sea shore and their anticipated impacts are talked about underneath. Singapore is an island encircled by Malaysia in the north, Borneo in the southeast and Indonesia in the southwest. Though an island , it is basically secured erms of the breeze and hence wave vitality it can pull in . The possibility to draw in wind and wave vitality is instrumental in understanding the potential degrees of longshore float happening at East Coast park . Longshore float is a procedure wherein dregs is moved along the course of the breeze , and helps shape coast lines normally the world over . Because of the absence of wind and wave vitality from the entirety of this vitality having been caught through high heights in Borneo , Malaysia and Indonesia , longshore float wouldnt majorly affect the coastline of East Coast Park . Dissolving and shipping rocesses might affect the state of the coastline . Water powered activity happens when wave vitality â€Å"pounds† on the coastline . Because of the low wave vitality because of the absence of a significant get coming into Singapore , this procedure won't influence the coastline. This procedure isn't exceptionally applicable to East Coast as the sea shore is man- ­? made and there is almost no or no wave vitality. Scraped spot is the physical wearing and pounding of a surface through grating of the heap and the material conveyed in air and water. In any case, as the southeast of Singapore is encircled via land every which way, there is very ittle air and water development, constraining th e coastline to be formed by scraped area. The East Coast Park sea shore is man- ­? made, and therefore the ocean water may contain numerous synthetic concoctions which add to erosion  ­? the concoction wearing out of the sea shore and the material in the water itself because of the sharpness. In any case, wearing down ought not be obvious as the water is exceptionally quiet because of the absence of vitality . As it is a man- ­? made sea shore, there is almost no residue and burden in the ocean. Dregs and burden ordinarily develop after some time , and with the normal sea shores we ;ind on the planet , they have had a huge number of ears to have gotten to the phase where they are , and therefore have the measures of silt and burden close by as they do . For a sea shore based on recovered land in the twentieth Century to be the equivalent is profoundly impossible , and this clarifies the potential transportation forms which will affect the sea shore . Arrangement is a procedure by which the residue is disintegrated in the water and dries once ashore . Because of the little idea of the particles , and the potential synthetic concoctions got from the sea shore because of human intercession in building the sea shore , this procedure ought to be the most well-known transportation rocess found at East Coast Park . Additionally , arrangement , because of its dissolving nature , has almost no impact in molding the coastline. Suspension and Saltation are process wherein you the silt is brought through the water . This is conceivable , and could impact the coastline at East Coast park , yet not as much as Traction . Presently footing pronouncedly affects coastlines due the overwhelming and huge nature of these stones , which when caught coastlines can cause disintegration by whittling down . Be that as it may, the very idea of these stones , enormous and overwhelming , will keep it from having showed up in a moderately youthful sea shore ike those at East Coast Pa rk . Late news stories recommend the perilous , retreating nature of the coastline of East Coast Park’s sea shores . Therefore , it is sheltered to anticipate that the waves found at the sea shores along East Coast Park will be dangerous in their tendency . This is on the grounds that dangerous waves , as the names recommend , are erosional waves . Because of these waves having a more grounded discharge than swash , they will reclaim silt with them into the ocean , and relying upon the quality of the longshore float at East Coast Park , will be carried on to different sea shores . Because of the nearness of oil big haulers n Singapore’s East Coast , the wave vitality will be additionally diminished this is proof of a man made procedure having had an impact because of forestalling the impact of wave vitality and conceivable disintegration on the East Coast shoreline. The embankments present at East Coast Park’s sea shores are again possible proof of man made proc edures influencing the shoreline . As the name proposes , these things would â€Å"break† the water , diminishing the vitality upon sway with the shoreline , and again lessening paces of disintegration . Strategy Which waterfront forms were estimated and why ? Longshore Drift -  ­? Longshore float , as entioned beforehand , is an essential beach front procedure. These outcomes were gathered to see where and how longshore float was happening . The heading and speed were seen to check whether it influences the state of the sea shore. For instance, if the orange ;loated towards the South East course, and the heading of the wing was a South East way , we would realize that longshore float was following the get , and was not being mediated by any man- ­? made procedures or developments. Swash and Backwash -  ­? This arrangement of information was gathered to perceive what kinds of waves were available at each site . Subsequent to estimating he swash and discharge , it was ap parent whether the waves were helpful and of a depositional nature or damaging and causing disintegration . In the event that the swash we estimated was bigger than the discharge , we realized the waves were useful and if the discharge was bigger , we would realize that the waves were ruinous and in this way disintegrating endlessly at the coastline of the sea shores. Frequency and Amplitude -  ­? This information was gathered so as to decide the wave vitality of East Coast Park. Due to Singapore’s nearness to arrive on all sides and the strength of oil big haulers along the coast , it was anticipated that there ould be a low wave vitality . Short frequencies and high amplitudes would recommend a high wave vitality as the even vitality is supplanted by the vertical vitality causing more grounded wave crashes. Point Of The Beach -  ­? As the point is to research the various procedures forming the coastline of East Coast Park, the sea shore pro;ile is important to show the adjustment in slope of a sea shore .A precarious sea shore pro;ile would demonstrate the predominance of damaging waves and disintegration. Essentially, unpretentious heights show valuable waves and testimony . How were these procedures estimated ? Longshore Drift -  ­? An orange as put in water for 90 seconds(timed with a stopwatch) , and utilizing a measuring tape with 25cm portions , the separation it voyaged was estimated. A compass was utilized to distinguish the heading in which LSD happened. Swash and Backwash- ­? Done utilizing a straightforward bit of contraption known as the wavometer. A huge protractor was inexactly screwed onto a bamboo shaft and each the checking were obvious on this protractor after each estimation (which was taken when the peak hit the protractor for the swash , and when the discharge had totally returned into the sea) Wavelength -  ­? An estimation was taken beginning rom the time a peak of wave came into contact with the feet of the understudy estimating and finishing when the following peak came into contact. The estimation was taken utilizing a stopwatch. Sufficiency -  ­? An estimation was taken from the trough to the peak of a wave utilizing a going post with 50cm portions. Point of the Beach -  ­? The point was estimated from the water line till the finish of the sand . Toward the beginning and end of this estimation , two extending shafts of 2m stature were put , and the edge from the one closer to the ocean to the post nearer to the land was estimated utilizing a gadget called a clinometer. A clinometer

Key Highlights of the Human Career

The advancement of humankind is more than essentially a history for the cutting edge society. These are the exercises that individuals have taken in, the triumphs that they have accomplished, the disappointments that they have endured and the advancement that we have produced using Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens †the degree of improvement that can't be contrasted with any current types of life.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Key Highlights of the Human Career explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, it is imperative to recall the phases that the humankind has given its approach flawlessly. Every one of those stages is stamped by one way or another in the archeologists’ and scientists’ mind, and every one of those stages can be spoken to by a specific relic that can show the developments that our progenitors gained and the ground that they accomplished. The fortune that the gallery views is worth in excess of a gold mine, for thi s is the information that individuals have been gathering for quite a long time and a huge number of years. Inside these dividers one can see the ascent and fall of various human advancements, follow individuals figuring out how to make weapons and making the reason for the cutting edge comprehension of society. Here, the most critical ancient rarities have been chosen to show the way that individuals have been will accomplish the current phase of advancement. The various ancient rarities will advise how significant it isn't to overlook the old information that the individuals of the past had. The ancient rarities have been orchestrated in a particular request for individuals to get the grasp regarding the matter better and to have the likelihood to see the various antiquities interconnected as they seem to be, drifting from one age into another. The ancient rarities have been put in isolated little cases for the guests to have a superior view on the entirety of the components gathe red by the circle that they speak to. The principal case views the curios of people’s weapons, the second has contents, and the third speaks to the models that have been made in the old occasions. Trusting that the guests will discover the display generally fascinating and intellectual, I might want top go to the shows themselves.Advertising Looking for article on human studies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the most noteworthy notable disclosures was the one of the Olduwan culture. The improvement of these individuals who were living in the occasions old as the slopes was genuinely unbelievable. In the age of the Stone Age, the business was creating at an exceptionally slack pace. The individuals who speeded it up by one way or another were the Oldowans. The old clan figured out how to make the devices that helped them in their standard work and was utilized from 2.6 to 1.7 million years back! In any case, that had its very own contrary impact, with the individuals who utilized the innovation of the earlier hundreds of years didn't have to improve anything and along these lines didn't want to build up their abilities in making instruments for their work. That is the thing that lies from one perspective, however on the other the history specialists consider the To be as the individuals that overran the age, abandoning their beneficiaries far. One could without much of a stretch theory that the Oldowan human advancement was conceived in Tanzania, the core of Africa †since Africa is considered by various researchers as the support of the humankind. Obviously, the association between the Oldowan instruments and the cutting edge innovation is fairly unclear, yet there is no uncertainty that the creation of the principal weapon can be viewed as a beginning stage in human’s advancement. In any case, a few researchers will in general contend against the significance of the Oldowan instruments creation: How sure would we be able to be that the Oldowan apparatuses are in actuality made devices? This is definitely not a simple judgment to make, since the ancient rarities distinguished as apparatuses comprise essentially of little bits of rocks that are honed on one side. Might they be able to not have been â€Å"found tools†? (Donald 111)Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Key Highlights of the Human Career explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The instruments that they made were utilized for the earlier objective, which was chasing. Despite the fact that the Oldowan apparatuses are viewed as the most crude type of instruments that have ever showed up throughout history, their significance remains past any questions. On the off chance that individuals had not begun making ventures towards the making of the most straightforward devices and instruments, the cutting edge human progress would have never accomplished the curren t phase of improvement. All things considered, the incredible things start with little advances. The following issue in conversation will be the display named Achaeulian Hand Ax. This creation is likewise considered to have a place with the age of the Stone Age. Found in the locale of Hoxne (Suffolk), the devices that the researchers found and considered the proof of the individuals improvement in the Stone Age, these instruments connote the antiquated individuals moving to Europe from the abundant hot Africa. They made the apparatuses that may assist them with accommodating to the new condition and that was increasingly appropriate for the necessities that they had in the age when they were changing the natural surroundings. Sequentially, this occasion has a place with the hours of the Lower Paleolithic time and imply that the antiquated individuals have at last started to improve the instruments, modifying them so they could be more honed, and that they could be simpler to convey. The handle that the hatchet has shows plainly this was a stage forward in contrast with the sharp stone that was conveyed close by and couldn't be a genuine weapon in the battle with a creature. Found in India (Chandra 46), these weapons caused the archeologists to comprehend that the Stone Age had been undeniably more evolved than it was assumed previously. Like the past display, it has exceptionally far off relations with the cutting edge weapons, yet it is an example of the old weapons and combative techniques that must be preserved.Advertising Searching for article on humanities? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The effect that this development has had on the advanced innovation and human conduct is tremendous, yet fairly inaccessible in time. The following display that will be of an incredible enthusiasm to those keen on the privileged insights of the antiquated occasions is the attracting discovered the Lascaux Cave in France. The old individuals were attempting to portray the occasions of their regular day to day existence, just as the most huge events, or what was viewed as huge in the ancient time. The cavern of Laxcaus observes the fortunes definitely more significant than the Flint’s cavern. The craftsmen were known as the Magdalenians, who lived around a long time from now. This was the age of the ice age, and the drawings that are delineated on the dividers of the cavern are called correspondingly the Ice Art. (Burnham 6). The photos that the antiquated individuals drew on the dividers of their abodes were indicating different scenes, beginning from chasing to the photos of c reatures or individuals alone, or the signs that the individuals were utilizing at that occasions. Obviously, this can't be acted like workmanship from the advanced perspective, and it was not really the craftsmanship for workmanship †it could be progressively sensible to propose that the drawings should communicate the thoughts that were before the individuals of the Stone Age period. These drawings can be partitioned into three gatherings, which are the pictures of creatures, the pictures of individuals and the pictures of questionable character that should imply something for the inhabitants of the cavern. Among the pictures of the creatures, the most various are the drawings of equine. Since it was the principle object for the chase of the antiquated individuals, they drew it as one of the most significant components of their reality. It is somewhat far fetched that the drawings found in the Lascaux cavern could be considered as the start of the workmanship period, yet they despite everything imply that the humankind began to utilize visual pictures to point at a specific subject or express a thought. This is a significant advance in the improvement of the humanity. As individuals went on in their social advancement and began looking for the new strategies for discovering food and chasing, they found quick that one of the approaches to continue their lives was to fall back on eating the products that they could develop themselves. Fundamentally, it implied the start of the agrarian period and imply that individuals have accomplished another phase of improvement. The weapons that they made were not pointed distinctly at chasing, or executing any longer. Individuals began to make the weapons that helped them to make an agrarian culture. Obviously, the procedure went long and with huge delays. Yet, the principal thing that indicated the antiquated people’s potential for the further mental development was the way that they started making such instr uments as sickles and microliths. Albeit these days sickle is fairly an image of the days of yore and the absence of progress, in the Mesolithic culture, it was a significant forward leap. With all the purposes behind the further advancement, individuals began making the weapons that could assist them with developing the seeds and some way or another assemble the gather. It is an obvious instance of the fats improvement that leads starting with one innovation then onto the next. Since individuals understood that they expected to control the development of the plants that they use as food, they fundamentally needed to go to the agrarian method of living. It must be additionally conceived as a primary concern that a sickle was utilized even in the advanced occasions, however it has been changed incredibly. â€Å"The Natufian destinations and Zawi Chemi had sickles (or if nothing else sickle sharp edges) and microliths; these were not found at Ganj-Dareh,† Ucko (363) says. All t hings considered, that just demonstrates the way that individuals can't create at a similar pace. Some of them need additional time than the others. The equivalent goes for the way of life, maybe. The creation has changed the cutting edge human conduct, switc

Personal Responsibility to Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral Responsibility to Nature - Essay Example Under the segment titled â€Å"Political Implications,† Friends of the Earth keep on exciting feelings, for example, outrage and consternation by expressing that the inlet oil slick happened for the most part in view of the inaction of the government and the consolation of specific lawmakers who will be profited through the oil companies.â The talk used to depict the oil organizations, especially BP which caused the bay oil slick this time, is extremely antagonistic, with words, for example, â€Å"dirty,† and â€Å"dangerous.†Ã¢ Friends of the Earth embrace an alternate procedure while portraying the financial and natural results by featuring numbers rather than outrightly slandering oil companies.â For instance, the site expresses that â€Å"At a pace of 5,000 to 20,000 barrels of oil being spilled every day, the spill's volume could obscure that of the Exxon Valdez spill in about fourteen days to a month.†Ã¢ Using insights and a notable ecological mishap for instance are helpful in situating individuals to the reality of the present bay oil slick, and accordingly they will be bound to peruse on and take fitting measures against the oil companies.â Another ecological gathering, Sierra Club, utilizes significantly all the more blazing talk to accuse the legislators by saying that â€Å"It's disturbing at a time like this to see that a portion of our country's chiefs are still more keen on securing the oil business than ensuring American taxpayers.† Contrary to the sincerely charged phrasing utilized in the announcements of natural gatherings, the BP official statements are written in plain language.â , offering the open a basic reports on their healing work at the bay. Nonetheless, apparently regardless of the extraordinary number of faculty and apparatus conveyed, the bay remains exceptionally tainted. Thinking about the passionate intrigue of the Friends of the Earth site, almost certainly, a large portion of us will accept that the oil organizations are lowlifess with no recovering properties. Be that as it may, in spite of the obligation we as a whole should take in ensuring nature, we additionally can't excuse that our interest for oil is ever expanding as innovation progresses. It appears to be unavoidable for lawmakers and oil organizations to advocate and grow more methods and areas for oil penetrating. Something else, the entire nation will endure when we come up short on vitality. In the event that we are definitely not

The limits of my language Essay Example for Free

The constraints of my language Essay Human language is viewed as an only human method of correspondence; albeit different creatures utilize very refined open frameworks, none of these are known to utilize the entirety of the properties that etymologists use to characterize language. Semantics is the logical investigation of language. At the center of hypothetical etymology are the investigation of language structure and the investigation of importance. Edward Sapir and his partner Benjamin Whorf concocted a theory hypothesizing that a specific dialects nature impacts the constant idea of its speakers: that diverse language designs yield various examples of thought. Based on this hypothesis we could without much of a stretch say that network we are naturally introduced to impacts our reasoning, our experience, training and social communication. For instance, an individual conceived in England would be portrayed by various practices and same drives as an individual conceived in different country. Pupils in Poland concentrate a considerable amount about nationalism and qualities. A structure of a Polish school instructing is totally extraordinary to English one. Everybody in Poland needs to learn Polish language and history until they are 19. A large portion of books they need to peruse allude to a saint demeanor, passing, Poland and its history, equity, against Semitism, wars and death camps. We are being instructed data that will shape us here and there and will assist us with answering an inquiry: Am I a nationalist? Another subject that Polish understudies need to learn is strict examinations. About 95.8 % Polish individuals are Catholics to day. This is another motivation to cause youngsters to learn strict examinations. Some of them decide to not to go to this exercise since they portray themselves as theists, however most of them despite everything decide to go to RE to discover increasingly about God and their mentality to our homeland. As I would see it, Polish encouraging framework vary totally from the English method of educating youth. English individuals get the opportunity to pick subjects they like to learn and they are constrained with their decision. In Poland, understudies don't get a decision and they need to find out around 15 distinct subjects to get as extraordinary information as its conceivable. It contrasts in English schools, in light of the fact that in a normal English College when you choose to complete A Levels you are just so anyone might hear to do from three to five subjects. It shows that understudies are feeling the squeeze of learning rationale perspectives and perspective. It is by all accounts better thought of preparing you individuals yet it doesnt show them any qualities. Another factor that shapes us would be our experience as it has been said in Saphir-Whorf theory. By and by, I get myself progressively free and sure that some English individuals since Poland is portrayed by its industry emergency and this is the motivation behind why such a great deal of Poles choose to come to England. Another explanation that formed Polish individuals in the manner they are molded is a reality that Poland was one of these nations that were harmed the most during World War and World War II. I believe that it had some effect in transit Polish individuals act too. Last factor would be the way that English individuals interface socially not quite the same as Polish individuals. There are some ordinary issues demonstrating that Polish would act in another manner that English individual. English individuals attempt to be pleasant by saying: Hello, how are you ? to everybody while they are not keen on a recipients answer. Clean individual wouldnt attempt to establish a connection with someone that they are obliging. The structure and substance of the two nationalities state vary also, and the explanation behind this, again would be nationality and the network you were naturally introduced to. To recap, my models have delineated that a restricted information on language seriously restrains a people world. The ones I have introduced show that network we are naturally introduced to shapes us and the manner in which we carry on. It makes us other from English individuals who need to settle on how they will carry on and what are their qualities, all alone and with no assistance. I concur with Saphir Whorf speculation and I imagine that language we talk makes us what our identity is and what we do.

Lord of the Flies Jacks Letter

Dear director, My ensemble and I left Britain, to escape from the atomic war. Sadly, our plane smashed on some remote location. The main survivors we're me, my ensemble, and furthermore these different young men named Ralph and Piggy. Our time here has been a calamity, because of Ralph's administration abilities. Knowing me, I am an ideal head. I have the. most grounded and boldest characteristics. I realize how to lead and step up to the plate, similar to I have finished with our ensemble. In spite of the fact that the influential position was given to Ralph. Rather I am the pioneer of our ensemble, wherein we are accountable for chasing. I am best chasing in any case since I am the most grounded one here.On the principal night, the gathering as far as anyone knows saw a monster. I for one don't accept that their was a brute. The gathering are only a lot of weaklings, particularly piggy. For somebody who is so fat and enormous, he get frightened without any problem. At that point we had made a fire on the pinnacle of a mountain for a sign. We were totally assigned to shield that fire from extending. In spite of the fact that I had that obligation, my primary need was to chasing. At any rate I wasn't the one in particular who ought to watch the fire. In this manner I went out alongside the ensemble to go chase for a wild pig. As far as anyone knows, I was dismissing the fire, when Ralph realized my fundamental need was to chasing. he fire turned crazy and I was repremanded by our hipocritical pioneer. I truly don't care for our pioneer, along these lines I made my own gathering. My gathering and I are devoted to finding and catching a pig. We resemble a military attempting to catch a nation. It would be useful in the event that you can send us a blade simply like the image on the posterior. As a matter of first importance, it will be exceptionally valuable in cutting materials and chasing. Likewise since im the pioneer of our new gathering, It shows that I am t he most prepare and that I am the most grounded. Much thanks to you for the your consideration on my solicitation. Genuinely, jack

There Are Four Archetypal Developer Personas Which One Are You - Focus

There Are Four Archetypal Developer Personas â€" Which One Are You - Focus Meister HQ was recently taken over by students! Don’t panic, it wasn’t a hostile takeover. Best we explain a little more. We hosted a few international management students from the Vienna University of Economics and Business, who, as part of a project they were working on, went around and interviewed a couple of developers, ours included. This yielded a few interesting insights. The article below is just an example of that. This is what they had to say about how, through personas, software companies can attract potential developers with a view to hire them. What are Personas? A persona is a fictional figure or archetype that has been formulated as a direct result of grouping individuals together. The way individuals are grouped together â€" whether it be by demographics, behavioral patterns, motivations or goals â€" will affect the type of persona created.   A very broad (and basic) example would be grouping together all females with children as “moms”, then finding the characteristics and personality traits that all moms have in common in order to create the archetypal fictional figure â€" that would be the “mom persona”. This is very important, because personas need to be based on real people, real behaviors, real motivations and goals in order for them to be effective. The History of Personas The personas idea has its roots in marketing, but has gained popularity for its application in talent acquisition. Before we go into how personas can be applied, let’s outline the challenges recruiters face. Since our main focus was on software developers, we’ll focus on the challenges faced by software companies.   Firstly, sourcing talent isn’t easy as the talent pool is often limited i.e. few developers, many jobs. Secondly, recruiters have to consider that great talent doesn’t always equal great fit â€" the applicant might have the suitable skills, but will they fit into the company culture? And, into the existing team? This is where the use of personas can help.   Personas in Recruitment Prospective employers that are aware of the specific personas relevant to their industry have an easier time navigating through the labour market. This is because personas can help sift through aspiring candidates and sort them from those who would be potential fits and those who would not. This could significantly narrow down the search and deliver only quality candidates. We set out to uncover the different types of personas within the software industry in Vienna, Austria. This project involved finding software developers to interview. Sounds easy right? Wrong. We canvassed at universities, companies, and even online. Our research took us three months, hours of interviews at university campuses and various companies. The result…a goldmine of insights! Piecing Together the Persona Puzzle   We asked our interviewees a wide array of questions, ranging from demographics to career motivations. The aim was to gather enough data in order to get more of an understanding of what employees expect from their employers. This led to many interesting learnings, like: did you know that the team, work-life balance, the software product and career development are the most important factors that programmers consider when looking for a job?   But developing concrete personas still involved going further and digging deeper. Upon analyzing our research and comparing notes, we noticed a pattern emerging. Many of those we interviewed expressed similar feelings towards certain aspects of their professional life. These were our puzzle pieces. Adding these pieces together built the first four software developer personas: Kim, Robin, Alex and Charlie.   (Note: for ease of explanation, we’ve chosen to give each persona group a name. However, the names are by no means a reflection of gender i.e. not all Kims are female nor are all Alexes male.) Kim: The Early Beginner Kim is someone in her early 20s. Still too young to remember the greatness of ICQ and Napster. She could either be working in her first job or still be a student, studying computer science at a technical university. Kim often has little or no prior work experience. And if she’s worked before, she hasn’t yet chosen her area of specialization (front-end/back-end/mobile etc.). Kim is often inquisitive and curious. She is often known for constantly asking questions, wanting to find out more about the ins and outs of programming. Due to her lack of experience, Kim is primarily focused on learning. This means that the “Kim” persona would look to work for a company with leaders that empower staff and that has a supportive culture that’s conducive to learning. She isn’t driven by salary and therefore has limited salary demands. She is usually single, extroverted and enjoys social activities. Robin: Time for a ChangeSoon Robin is in his mid 20s and has completed his formal education, such as a Bachelor’s degree in computer science. He is probably on his second or third job but has reached the ceiling in his current job, as in, he has learnt a lot and gained experience but would be keen on taking the next step to further his career. Even though he probably hasn’t taken any steps to find a new job (applied), he is on the lookout for something challenging as well as purposeful. In his current role, he can be found working in a specialized programming area (front-end/back-end/mobile). On a personal level, he is probably in a relationship, he is also quite introverted and self-aware.   He enjoys working on complicated tasks and really wants to be involved and feel a part of the company. He values transparency and is happy working with inspiring leaders. He’s keen to know what is going on and where the company is headed. Salary isn’t his top priority (as long as it is not too far below average). In stead, Robin appreciates non-financial rewards, especially those that make him feel valued for his work. Alex: The Focused Careerist Alex is in his mid to late 20s. He has a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in computer science or a related field. Because Alex studied and worked at the same time, he gained approximately three or four years worth of programming experience, this makes him highly specialized. He knows that he is good at what he does. He’s also very much aware of his market value, which, according to him, is quite high. This makes the Alex persona career oriented. When looking for jobs, he won’t settle for anything less than working for the best company in his field of interest (or for a company with the best reputation). At work, Alex requires a high degree of autonomy and opportunities to progress in his career. Since Alex is very focused on his career, he doesn’t have much time for a relationship outside of work; you could say that he is married to his career. Charlie: Work 2.0 Charlie is in her late 20s to mid 30s. She has a Bachelors degree but not necessarily in IT. She’s a self-taught developer. Her coding is unconventional and she mixes genius lines with simple errors. She seeks to reinvent her software development career but the how is still unclear. Charlie has a family, which makes financial stability and work-life balance essential. She’s new to the industry and thus looks for a company that offers a supportive, people-oriented environment, where she can learn and improve her skills. While the size of her paycheck is not unimportant, her salary demands are lower than those of Alex and Robin.   Which Persona Are You?   Obviously Kim, Robin, Alex, and Charlie don’t cover all developers. It’s possible that people are a mixture of two personas or perhaps share common qualities with all four of them. Take the questionnaire below to find out which person you are most similar to: Attracting Personas: Defining Your Company’s EVP So we’ve given you a brief history about personas, told you how the concept originated, and defined four software developer personas in Vienna. It’s time to circle back and give companies a way to use this information in order to attract and recruit new talent.   The type of personas which your company should hire will depend on several factors such as: your company’s hiring and growth strategy, the company culture, and the personas you already have working within your company (as some personas work together better than others). A good persona-company fit is essential. Personas have the potential to impact company culture. Mapping out the existing personas represented in your company is a good place to start.   Then carefully assess your current Employee Value Proposition (EVP). Talentlyft defines a company’s EVP refers to “the balance of rewards and benefits that employees receive from their employers in return for their performance at the workplace”. It’s an employee-centred approach that is directly linked to talent acquisition and retention. It brings together company culture, brand, internal processes, and employee benefits. All of these together make up a company’s EVP.   Here are three simple questions that can help your company define its EVP and they are: What do my current employees love about my company? What are the benefits employees gain upon choosing to work at my company? What would make potential employees choose to work at my company as opposed to any other? The answer to these questions should give you your company’s EVP. You then need to see whether it resonates with the EVP desired by the personas you wish to hire. If it doesn’t, take the necessary steps to bridge those gaps. But, if there is a match, your company should try and leverage this in its employer branding strategy in order to hire the most suitable personas. There Are Four Archetypal Developer Personas â€" Which One Are You - Focus Meister HQ was recently taken over by students! Don’t panic, it wasn’t a hostile takeover. Best we explain a little more. We hosted a few international management students from the Vienna University of Economics and Business, who, as part of a project they were working on, went around and interviewed a couple of developers, ours included. This yielded a few interesting insights. The article below is just an example of that. This is what they had to say about how, through personas, software companies can attract potential developers with a view to hire them. What are Personas? A persona is a fictional figure or archetype that has been formulated as a direct result of grouping individuals together. The way individuals are grouped together â€" whether it be by demographics, behavioral patterns, motivations or goals â€" will affect the type of persona created.   A very broad (and basic) example would be grouping together all females with children as “moms”, then finding the characteristics and personality traits that all moms have in common in order to create the archetypal fictional figure â€" that would be the “mom persona”. This is very important, because personas need to be based on real people, real behaviors, real motivations and goals in order for them to be effective. The History of Personas The personas idea has its roots in marketing, but has gained popularity for its application in talent acquisition. Before we go into how personas can be applied, let’s outline the challenges recruiters face. Since our main focus was on software developers, we’ll focus on the challenges faced by software companies.   Firstly, sourcing talent isn’t easy as the talent pool is often limited i.e. few developers, many jobs. Secondly, recruiters have to consider that great talent doesn’t always equal great fit â€" the applicant might have the suitable skills, but will they fit into the company culture? And, into the existing team? This is where the use of personas can help.   Personas in Recruitment Prospective employers that are aware of the specific personas relevant to their industry have an easier time navigating through the labour market. This is because personas can help sift through aspiring candidates and sort them from those who would be potential fits and those who would not. This could significantly narrow down the search and deliver only quality candidates. We set out to uncover the different types of personas within the software industry in Vienna, Austria. This project involved finding software developers to interview. Sounds easy right? Wrong. We canvassed at universities, companies, and even online. Our research took us three months, hours of interviews at university campuses and various companies. The result…a goldmine of insights! Piecing Together the Persona Puzzle   We asked our interviewees a wide array of questions, ranging from demographics to career motivations. The aim was to gather enough data in order to get more of an understanding of what employees expect from their employers. This led to many interesting learnings, like: did you know that the team, work-life balance, the software product and career development are the most important factors that programmers consider when looking for a job?   But developing concrete personas still involved going further and digging deeper. Upon analyzing our research and comparing notes, we noticed a pattern emerging. Many of those we interviewed expressed similar feelings towards certain aspects of their professional life. These were our puzzle pieces. Adding these pieces together built the first four software developer personas: Kim, Robin, Alex and Charlie.   (Note: for ease of explanation, we’ve chosen to give each persona group a name. However, the names are by no means a reflection of gender i.e. not all Kims are female nor are all Alexes male.) Kim: The Early Beginner Kim is someone in her early 20s. Still too young to remember the greatness of ICQ and Napster. She could either be working in her first job or still be a student, studying computer science at a technical university. Kim often has little or no prior work experience. And if she’s worked before, she hasn’t yet chosen her area of specialization (front-end/back-end/mobile etc.). Kim is often inquisitive and curious. She is often known for constantly asking questions, wanting to find out more about the ins and outs of programming. Due to her lack of experience, Kim is primarily focused on learning. This means that the “Kim” persona would look to work for a company with leaders that empower staff and that has a supportive culture that’s conducive to learning. She isn’t driven by salary and therefore has limited salary demands. She is usually single, extroverted and enjoys social activities. Robin: Time for a ChangeSoon Robin is in his mid 20s and has completed his formal education, such as a Bachelor’s degree in computer science. He is probably on his second or third job but has reached the ceiling in his current job, as in, he has learnt a lot and gained experience but would be keen on taking the next step to further his career. Even though he probably hasn’t taken any steps to find a new job (applied), he is on the lookout for something challenging as well as purposeful. In his current role, he can be found working in a specialized programming area (front-end/back-end/mobile). On a personal level, he is probably in a relationship, he is also quite introverted and self-aware.   He enjoys working on complicated tasks and really wants to be involved and feel a part of the company. He values transparency and is happy working with inspiring leaders. He’s keen to know what is going on and where the company is headed. Salary isn’t his top priority (as long as it is not too far below average). In stead, Robin appreciates non-financial rewards, especially those that make him feel valued for his work. Alex: The Focused Careerist Alex is in his mid to late 20s. He has a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in computer science or a related field. Because Alex studied and worked at the same time, he gained approximately three or four years worth of programming experience, this makes him highly specialized. He knows that he is good at what he does. He’s also very much aware of his market value, which, according to him, is quite high. This makes the Alex persona career oriented. When looking for jobs, he won’t settle for anything less than working for the best company in his field of interest (or for a company with the best reputation). At work, Alex requires a high degree of autonomy and opportunities to progress in his career. Since Alex is very focused on his career, he doesn’t have much time for a relationship outside of work; you could say that he is married to his career. Charlie: Work 2.0 Charlie is in her late 20s to mid 30s. She has a Bachelors degree but not necessarily in IT. She’s a self-taught developer. Her coding is unconventional and she mixes genius lines with simple errors. She seeks to reinvent her software development career but the how is still unclear. Charlie has a family, which makes financial stability and work-life balance essential. She’s new to the industry and thus looks for a company that offers a supportive, people-oriented environment, where she can learn and improve her skills. While the size of her paycheck is not unimportant, her salary demands are lower than those of Alex and Robin.   Which Persona Are You?   Obviously Kim, Robin, Alex, and Charlie don’t cover all developers. It’s possible that people are a mixture of two personas or perhaps share common qualities with all four of them. Take the questionnaire below to find out which person you are most similar to: Attracting Personas: Defining Your Company’s EVP So we’ve given you a brief history about personas, told you how the concept originated, and defined four software developer personas in Vienna. It’s time to circle back and give companies a way to use this information in order to attract and recruit new talent.   The type of personas which your company should hire will depend on several factors such as: your company’s hiring and growth strategy, the company culture, and the personas you already have working within your company (as some personas work together better than others). A good persona-company fit is essential. Personas have the potential to impact company culture. Mapping out the existing personas represented in your company is a good place to start.   Then carefully assess your current Employee Value Proposition (EVP). Talentlyft defines a company’s EVP refers to “the balance of rewards and benefits that employees receive from their employers in return for their performance at the workplace”. It’s an employee-centred approach that is directly linked to talent acquisition and retention. It brings together company culture, brand, internal processes, and employee benefits. All of these together make up a company’s EVP.   Here are three simple questions that can help your company define its EVP and they are: What do my current employees love about my company? What are the benefits employees gain upon choosing to work at my company? What would make potential employees choose to work at my company as opposed to any other? The answer to these questions should give you your company’s EVP. You then need to see whether it resonates with the EVP desired by the personas you wish to hire. If it doesn’t, take the necessary steps to bridge those gaps. But, if there is a match, your company should try and leverage this in its employer branding strategy in order to hire the most suitable personas.

Lateral Structural Arrangements - Free Essay Example

Lateral structural arrangements   Introduction How the reporting and information flows throughout an organization is determined by the structures that subscribe to the different organizations, because they play a significant role in this. Most organizations decision making accountabilities may be disseminated within the company and other organizations decision making is the duty of the corporate supervision. Instead of functioning as separate and distinct entities, organization departments labor together in accomplishing a common goal. This is done with organizations that largely constitute a lateral structural composition or arrangement. More and more often the nature of power dynamics and interface amongst personnel different from traditional organization structures are reformed due to the fact that structural arrangements provide an avenue for communiquÃÆ' © and coordination between widely differently aspects within organizations (Writing, 2013). The process in which information flows or is distributed within organizations that widely use lateral relationships and the information is known as a valid source of information has definitely lead to to new types of organizations that are unlike the traditional organizational constructs. He went ahead and identified some of the lateral structural arrangements as professional organizations, project teams, clan or organic systems and matrix structures (Bombaci, 2010). In this research paper, I will talk over and assess several of different lateral structural arrang ements. I will discuss lateral structural arrangements, the different lateral structural arrangements that organizations utilize, and organizational lateral structural arrangements managerial consequences. Lateral structural arrangements The way in which the organization distributes its labor force into separate roles, task and functions and accomplishes effective synchronization between these different functions and roles is basically the structure of an organization (Hernaus, 2008). The organizational structures where divisions or workers in the company coordinate tasks at the division level rather that vertical is known as a lateral structure. These are largely founded on organizational lateral relationships that are often within equal hierarchical levels and assist in creating excellent working relations amongst organizational departments and personnel (Hernaus, 2008). The lateral relationships can be relationships between employee in the same organizational level within the company and working in working in different divisions. These relationships can also be between workers who work for one boss or in the same division (Bombaci, 2010). The main driving force and theory behind the importance of lateral structures is that Lateral structures accomplish more than collaboration between divisions and workers during the organizations operational processes, they also assist the organization in reaching the its goal to produce excellent products, services and higher outcomes within the company through information sharing. Lastly lateral structures help an organization in increasing its workforce productivity which is the driving force and theory behind their significance. To accomplish a product or idea, teams and a number of divisions work self-sufficiently in these structures (Bombaci, 2010). It is vital, that if the organization is to expand and endure in this day and age of this economy as companies constantly face a continually changing environment that is extremely competitive, the need for efficient and effective organization operations and collaboration is definitely needed. Structural difference Organizational entities which are structurally dissimilar, such as different departments have a tendency to be differentiated in their time viewpoints with patterns of communication strengthening this segregation and information flow, interaction methods, and degree of formalization structure goals (Writing, 2013). According to (Writing, 2013) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“though that such differences can be organized and coordination strengthened between organizations through effective lateral relationships that assist in communication and data flow which in the end, enhances work place efficienciesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Lateral relations Lateral relations have definitely over the years, have more and more become significant within organizations structures and have been characterized by non-stop education, interdependence, and flexibilit y. According to (Writing, 2013) fewer structures are required for effective control of lateral relations, with an adequate amount of room left for a number of parties to position themselves and act in response to new conditions and situations as they come about. This leads to believe, that a lateral structural arrangement imbedded in an organization ought to be capable of effectively combining firmness and flexibility. Additionally, demands for information handling, which are levied by high levels of job uncertainty, are somewhat dealt with utilizing lateral structures. Organizations they are frequently to some degree limited in the way they process required information and exposed to various risks, due to the fact the organizations are open systems. Lateral relations effects nonhierarchical formal structures, which link essential undertakings in different organizational functional areas by altering the quantity of communication, style, and the quality. The frequency and amount with in which dependable formal information is distributed through the organization is ultimately enhanced and increased by this and it also improves the overall organization functioning (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Different lateral structural arrangements in use within organizations As stated before, a number of the lateral structural arrangements are organic or clan systems, project teams, professional organizations and matrix structures. Additionally, beside these lateral structural arrangements are task forces, meetings, coordinating roles, committees, network structures and self-managing teams (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). An adhocracy structure is also a lateral structural arrangement and others include enthusiastic group efforts and integrated management teams, process based structures, and cross functional teams. These arrangements promote efficient organizational coordination and the flow of information (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Meetings According to (Bombaci, 2010), m eetings are formal or informal exchanges which aid in the lateral coordination of information sharing by way of the organization and are the foundation of successful horizontal coordination. They are the basis upon which boards share information agree to make organizational policies that enhance organizational efficiency or committees make strategic decisions regarding the organization based on information gathered. Formal meetings play a major role in organizations as they form the foundation upon which many important decisions are made and provide the largest share of horizontal synchronization in most organizations. Essential information and linked significant activities in different organization sections are shared when meeting are convened and people from different areas exchange this information while sitting together discussing organizational goals. Informal meetings are definitely essential due to the fact they combine bits of information and bring together the bits in or der for managers to make sense to ensure that a reasonable response time to fix or deal with issues in this day and age fast paced and competitive work environments. The effective flow of organizational information is accomplished by meetings, due to the fact they not only assemble resources together from different organizational areas, and lead the organization towards accomplishing a common organizational goal (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Committees Lateral relations which are primarily put together to resolve issues which affect different organizational departments are formed by committees. These committees mostly consist of personnel of comparable organization rank level, but from different organizational sections getting together for the purpose of making modifications to previously existing issues or to find a resolution to a given problem (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Some committees models which may be established in an organization, include project committees that consist of supervising the execution of all projects begun inside the organization, or inspection and audit committees which analyzes the numerous organizational financial aspects of all divisions located within the organization (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Coordinating rules The use of arbitration and persuading to aid a number of workers in organizations enhancing their hard work is a process utilized by coordinating roles and units, which are also forms of lateral structure arrangements. Also, coordinating roles or units are individuals or boundary spanner groups that are skilled at dealing across numerous distinctive sections and inside other organizational turfs (Bombaci, 2010). This of course consists of filling several organizational roles while having an understanding the workings of each role, then through the information collected, have the capability to improve unit efforts and guide each unit to accomplishing a mutual goal (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Task Forces As with any organization new issues and opportunities arise consistently within the organization which require some coordination and collaboration of company diverse specialties and functions to solve these issues and task forces are lateral structural arrangements that come together to accomplish this task (Bombaci, 2010). This task force is usually assigned to take care of the task at hand, and is more than likely on a temporary basis. The task force will discuss and carefully analyze the specific given strategic issue and provide recommendations on the issue affecting the organization. To accomplish an effective deep dive analysis of a specific opportunity or issue, task force personnel are strategically taken from several areas of the organization (Writing, 2013). Self-managing Teams Self-managing teams are lateral structural arrangements in which a group of workers control their own activities and themselves, staff, and plan. This team sets goals on what completed or accomplishe d, and also make decisions and take action to remedy and rectify all issues that come about in their operations such as issues with quality or discipline and rewards. Due to the criticality of some issues, this requires the coordination of personnel from several organizational departments with different skills to ensure information flows between team members effectively and efficiently enhancing organizational efficiencies (Bombaci, 2010). Network structures Network structures are lateral structural arrangements that manage multifaceted, diverse relationships in several organization divisions which specialize in very specific business responsibilities. The network structures improve network development with and between organizations and often disintegrate various up and down strategies. Networking can enable well-organized and effective widely dispersed information flow. Network structure coordination possibly will take place through contracts informal relations or market mech anisms, they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t hierarchical and they are highly flexible and adaptable. With these structures, people build on one anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strengths building and capabilities (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Adhocracy structure An adhocracy structure is a lateral structural arrangement in which personnel contribute their knowhow to enabling the company in achieving their strategic objectives, which is essential because in this type of structure there is lateral communication, reduced formalization, and flexible definition of task. Structural designerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s regard these as liabilities because they are exploit benefits (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Cross functional teams Cross functional teams for the most part are frequently convened for certain task completions and to resolve any arising organizational issues and to enhance different organizational lateral. These teams typically are made up of personnel with the needed skills, experience pull ed from other divisions to complete the task at hand and be able to complete their product and job in an effective, timely, and professional manner (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Integrated management team In every organization there are supervisors or managers the keep everyone on point as well getting the organizations tasks completed and on time. Integrated teams are an essential lateral structure arrangement and are successful when they are well integrated; this is because it aids in aligning organizational processes with the companies goals and keep operational awareness while staying focused on the vision and mission. This ultimately leads to the organizational management functions being combined into a synchronized unit which allows management the ability to operate as a single unit to accomplish objectives. This is a must in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constantly changing business environment. Integrated management teams aid an organization in achieving their goals from minim izing risks to observing the competition, supervising employees, and properly utilizing resources (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Process based structure According to (Hernaus, 2008), process based structure is a lateral structural arrangement which entails diverse teams functioning from place to place in several core processes that include, sales generation to produce products, customer support, order fulfillment or services within a common unit. With chief operating officers supervising important support, there are few involved hierarchical processes over actions such as strategic planning, finance, and HR in this structure (Writing, 2013). Process based structures are designed to remove hierarchical and departmental limitations which obstruct the flow of information, slowing down the decision making process and task performance. With satisfying the customer at the forefront, process based structure aids organizations in focusing their resources in accomplishing this. This defin itely assists in the satisfaction of consumers and also increases efficiency speed. Additionally in eliminating management layers, the process based structure improves information flow within the organization (Hernaus, 2008). There are on the other hand several disadvantages to the process based structure, which are, mindsets and expertise changes most often requires a lot of time and resources, and often faces push back from functional managers and staff experts. Also there is always difficulty in changing organizations, as this requires change management, and these processes can also lead to sluggish decision making, particularly if teams arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t experienced. Additionally this can cause replication of technical experts, which are a limited resource (Hernaus, 2008). Managerial Implications of Lateral structured arrangements in organizations Sophisticated lateral organizations are definitely needed in organizations which conduct business in very diverse and un certain environments (Wheelen Hunger, 2010). Informal contacts and personal relationships In pushing the organization on the road to attaining its goals, personal relationships and contacts that are informal typically come to be stronger than structures which are formal and reward systems. A lot bosses that operate in lateral structures learn how to manage difficult problems, and develop loyalties into strong shared organizational principles (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009). These lateral structures remove specialization in a job and rather replace it with diversity that enhances synergistic effects where people build on each others competencies and strength building a whole that exceeds the sum of its parts (Hernaus, 2008). Decision making in lateral structures In most cases, project ownership is frequently given to personnel that are capable and competent to successfully complete the project (Pinto, 2010). With this said, employees are often encouraged and empowered that ar e close to the lateral structures decision making process. This authority is not what position an employee occupies, but how capable they are and the knowledge they have. Lowering horizontal limitations or boundaries resolves problems, enhances leadership, processes, and information flow. In lateral organizations employees are rewarded for increasing their job knowledge and skills, but on the other hand there are less promotion opportunities (Bombaci, 2010). Various costs Work commitment, and stress, form of role overload are the various costs that are primarily associated with lateral organizational structures. Dysfunctional organizational behaviors can also be direct result of uncertainty and diversity in the reporting relations, but, this can be overcame with leadership by developing a detailed organizational chart which displays various reporting relationships as to who works for whom (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). Conclusion So as you can see, management must diligentl y work and ensure organizational lateral structural arrangements ensure organizational goals. As each day passes in this ever changing environment, the competitive trends are definitely pushing organizations to become more efficient to ensure their survivability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There are a very small numbers of companies which can afford to function in a vacuum; others should optimize their business activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Brindle Mainiero, 2000). References Bombaci, S. A. (2010). Management structures: Business communication and organizational and management. Retrieved from https://www.hkiaat.org/images/uploads/articles/Management.pdf Brindle, M. C., Mainiero, L. (2000). Managing power through lateral networking. Westport, CT: Praeger. Hernaus, T. (2008). Process-based organization. Retrieved from https://web.efzg.hr/repec/pdf/clanak 08-06.pdf Jones, G. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change (Sixth ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Pinto, j. (2010). Project management achieving competitive advantage. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Stanwick, P., Stanwick, S. (2009). Understanding business ethics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wheelen, T., Hunger, J. (2010). Concepts in strategic management and business policy: Achieving sustainability. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Writing, A. (2013). The advantages of a team-based lateral organizational structure. Retr ieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-team-based-lateral-organizational-structure-718.html