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Corporate Tax Theories Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Tax Theoriesfor Literature Review. Answer: Introduction Taxes are involuntary charges levied on individuals or institutions, enforced by government entities for the purposes of generating revenues to finance government activities. Most government entities have set revenue authorities that ensure tax compliance by individuals and companies. Legal dictionary (2013), state that levies charged to corporates and individuals are as an exchange of government protection to tax payers life and property. This paper reviews pieces of literature and empirical studies studied on corporate tax with attempts of understanding corporate taxes. The reviews of literature cover the classical, dual and fiscal transparency systems of taxation. Classical Theory of Taxation Under the classical theory of taxation, corporates are termed as separate legal entities from its owners. This definition demystifies the corporates requirement for double taxation from the corporate entity and its owners. According to Harberger (1962), the classical system propagates corporates discernment as it confines business concepts and shareholders financing from the corporate systems to incorporate systems resulting to a negative effect on a countrys economy. King (1974, 1977) in his literature he demonstrated the old properties of the classical tax system as a tax that restricts dividends, accrued debt interest expenses and capital gains as deductions. The classical system translates the revenues from corporates and debt and equity gains as avenues of tax. As for multinationals, the foreign corporates do not accumulate corporate tax where foreign income is credited or the company receives a tax exempt by the domestic country. Empirical studies have shown negative effects of the classical system of taxation. Gravelle (1991), stated the effects of classical taxation being significant macroeconomic resulting to lower Gross National Product. There have been a number of trials identified from the classical systems of taxation i.e. biases to profit retention, debt preferences to equity and low investments related to double taxation. The primary variables used in research and practice to representing the financial performance construct are the accounting measures. These measures rely on financial information reported in income statements, balance sheets, and statements of cash flows. Accounting measures can be further subcategorized into profitability measures, growth measures, leverage, liquidity, and cash flow measures, and efficiency measures. Normally for commercial and manufacturing entities profitability measures include values and ratios that incorporate net income or a component of net income such as operating income or earnings before taxes are used. To illustrate the classical system of taxation, assume a corporate that has a profit before dividends payout and tax of $500, in a state that levies 30% tax on corporate institutions and the remaining earnings are recited as the shareholders' earnings taxable at 16%. The companys net profits after tax before dividends payout will result to $350. This will tr anslate to the shareholders' earnings account accruing an income tax of $63. The effective rate of tax is 43%. This means that the company is subjected to 27% over taxation. Illustration: Classical System of Taxation; Income Statement Classical System Imputed System Dividend Exempt System Profit Before Dividends Tax 500 500 500 Corporate Tax- 30% 150 150 150 Profit Before Dividends After Tax 350 350 350 Dividend Income 350 350 350 Income Tax Rate - 16% Before Imputation 63 63 63 Imputed Tax - (2/5)*Dividend Income 140 Dividend Exempt (20%) 70 Dividend Income - (Dividend Income + Imputed Tax) 203 133 Income Tax Rate 32 21 Net Income Tax 63 31 42 Total Taxable pay 213 181 192 Effective Tax Rate 43% 36% 38% Over Taxation 27% 20% 22% The effects of double taxation necessitated the invention and adoption of imputation system. The system was to eliminate the distortions accounted by double taxation from the classical system by refunding corporate levies through credit validations on dividend payments. This was done through from tax reforms Acts. Literature reviews on effects of the adoption of dividend imputation tax reforms showed positive impacts on the economy. According to Belamy (1994), there was a positive correlation between tax credits and growth in shareholders dividends. Empirical results shared by Heming (1994) showed statistically dividend imputation resulted to higher payout ratios. A comparative study done to distinguish between the effects of classical system and imputation system adopted in the United States of America and Australia carried out by Bhavish J, Mark S, and Roberts B (2013), concluded that minimizing double taxation can be done through dividend imputation. The difference cited in the E uropean journal of finance Buckle (1995) between the classical and imputation system was the cost of capital, the journal stated: cost of capital under the classical tax system is gross of personal taxes whereas the cost of capital under the imputation system is net of personal taxes. An imputation system is achieved by requiring the shareholders to gross up the net dividends with attributable tax. Using the above illustration, the dividend income is grossed up to $203 with an assumption of 40% dividend imputation. This translates to a net income tax of $31 and a total taxable pay of $181 as opposed to $213. The effective rate of taxation is hence 36% leading to an over taxation of 20%. The other invention was the dividend exemption method, where the dividend income is fully or partially tax exempted. According to Vann (1986), the dividend exempt method facilitates shareholders in preventing double taxation. Using the same illustration as an example, assuming the dividend exemption was 20% then the taxable pay will be equal to $192 translating to an effective tax rate of 38% hence an over taxation of 22%. Split rate system and dividend deduction methods were also used similarly to the dividend exemption method. Dual System Of Taxation Peter B (2010), defined a dual system of taxation as a system that separates taxation of labor income from capital income. Dual income combines labor and transfers income tax with mild capital income tax. The mild capital income tax is a flat tax rate aligned capital income. The genesis of the dual corporate tax was to provide tax relief to small pressed legal entities with an added advantage of collecting taxes even from loss-making companies. The capital income entails proceeds received from assets, financial instruments, rent, and capital gains, accrued interests on savings whereas the non-capital income includes proceeds from pension and transfers from the government. According to Richard (2010), dual income tax seeks to levy wages and labor income attributable to businesses at a progressive tax rate and capital income at a determined flat rate. Noor (2014) stated that the impact of the dual system on corporates is profits distribution to shareholders to retained earnings. Nielse n and Sorensen (1997), argued that dual system equalizes tax treatment for human and non-human intensive investments. Assume a potential tax payer has an income of $100 and initiates an investment program as a consultant which earns him $210 implying a tax rate of 30% on the income will still yield a return of capital of 10%. This means that income tax does not reduce the return on human capital investments and offers a fair tax treatment. Under the dual system, criticism has been raised that it usually a contrast to taxation principle ability of pay as labor is taxed heavily. In some countries like Germany, taxation is seen as a factor of human capital mobility as their citizen attempt to escape from tax burdens. Using Germany as an example, the taxable earnings income is taxed in a linear progressive rate given by a tax schedule whereas the other income is taxed at fixed rate of 25%. Debt income is usually taxed under the capital income. Dual taxation distinguishes income into 3 t ypes; income from employment, business activities and capital investments. Dual taxation system has been embraced in Nordic countries. According to Oliver (1977), the system has brought about improvement in compliance in dividends withholding and payment of interest. The research from the countries has revealed equity within countries is a fruit of dual taxation. Fiscal Transparency The complexity in tax systems has led to companies being able to set up easily multifarious networks of companies that are tax harbors and avoid by channeling the taxes into profits. The complex networks created prohibits the tax assessors in determining the number of tax requirements and also the paid taxes. With this reasons in mind inventions of fiscal transparency system, erupted as the government attempted to have corporates deduce statements of corporate taxes paid in a way of tax amateurs would understand. Under this system, companies are treated as intermediaries of shareholders in income collection. A taxation system comparable to that of a partnership is used where the shareholders are granted profits. The system disintegrates the notion of companies bear legal and separate entity from its owners. According to Amilcare (1903), the tax transparency is a mitigant of fiscal illusion. James (1960), termed fiscal illusion a logical misconception of government expenditure and rev enue policy. Understanding of fiscal transparency, terminologies like fiscal expenditure, accountability should be understood. According to international accepted principles, fiscal accountability is defined as a state being responsible for its public funds to the public. Campos (1996), fiscal accountability consists of three main agendas i.e. overall control, financial discipline in compliance with the budgetary process, strategic resource allocations with a prioritized approach and cost effective and efficient programs. Fiscal transparency requires dependable governments fiscal policy and forecasts, detailed information on its operations and budgets and behavioral aspects of the mandated officials of the state. Shende and Benet (2004), stated the IMF transparency principles as; government structures and responsibilities clarity, comprehensive information on state financials, budgets disclosures and audit scrutiny. For example, the U.S treasury normally publicizes its estimated tax expenditure, other examples are GAO who publish their expenditures in public domain. In Germany, we see subsidies report that entails the governments tax provisions and estimates. Efforts have been seen primarily by governments in fostering transparency in government budgets. For example, governments have created websites that show state spending. Other measures that have been used is the application of learning tools for budgetary process. Countries like San Francisco allow citizens to participate in the budgetary processes by enabling a forum where citizens give ideas through proposals of government spending. The government enjoys fiscal transparency by understanding the countrys tax burdens, fees and costs related to licenses. Strategies embraced in the uplifting transparency of the revenues is having one level government using the revenue instruments, limiting the number of channels used in each government, increasing property taxes as opposed to sales taxes, increasing citizen education and adopting a taxpayers receipt. According to Collier and Venables (2010), involving the public in fiscal capacity leads to fiscal transparency. Besley and Persson (2009) , showed that legal and fiscal capacity contributes to countries wealth. This means that lack of fiscal transparency results in a low generation of investments and hence low revenues related to tax. The transparency in government fiscal results to low levels of corruption as state fellows are conscious of their jobs. In both low and high-income countries, taxes incentives are seen to foster tax revenue collection. Stanely (1985) stated that To understand the tax expenditure of a country, then tax incentives must be analyzed. The revenues obtained from tax are functions of tax expenditure. Building Blocks that have been used to foster the transparency and accountability is tax structures, tax expenditure projections, integration of projections of tax in the budgetary process and auditing tax expenditure. The primary goal of any government is the provision of the essential goods and services to the citizens. Corporations have however encountered eminent doubts on their reliability, integrity or obligation to public affairs perpetuated by poor corporate governance. The neglect of use of accounting information has also been an ongoing concern with deficiencies noted in budgeting and budgetary control systems. Efficient management control system has then been recommended with state corporations adopting the budgeting processes. The adoption of the budgeting process has been sighted as a key instrument in increasing the financial stands within organizations. Reviews of literature on the salient issues about the budgeting process and performance measurements and the performa nce in the firms; studied from theories and past empirical studies perspective has shown the significance of budgets and the positive effects on improving performance in institutions. Tax experts have therefore a big role to play in ensuring the fiscal policy is aligned to transparency and accountability principles. In addition, the tax experts should recognize tax expenditures and comprehend the building blocks of ensuring a fiscal policy that propagates transparency and accountability. Conclusion The classical theory of taxation is reviewed as the ancient model of taxation where the classical system that propagates discrimination against corporates. Empirical studies have shown negative effects of the classical system of taxation related to double taxation as it harbors capital investments. Inventions to counter classical taxation have erupted dividend imputation and exemptions. Under the dual taxation, labor income and capital income are separated in the taxation model where capital income is levied at a flat rate and labor income is levied at a progressive rate. The fiscal transparency dictates any government economic flourishment. Tax structures, tax expenditure projections, integration of projections of tax in the budgetary process and auditing tax expenditure have been sighted as building blocks of taxation. References Bellamy, D. (1994). Evidence of imputation clienteles in the Australian equity market. Asia Pacific Journal of Management 11, 275-287. Besley, T., and Persson, T. (2009). The origins of state capacity: Property rights, taxationand politics. American Economic Review 99: 1218-1244. Bhavish J., Mark S, and Roberts B (2013), Dividend Taxation and Corporate Investment, RMIT University, School of Economics and Finance, Melbourne 3000, Australia, 19-20. Buckley A, (1995), The classical tax system, imputation tax and capital budgeting. The European Journal of Finance Volume 1, 1995 - Issue 2 Collier, P., and Venables, A. J. (2010). Natural resources and state fragility. EuropeanUniversity Institute, RSCAS Working Paper 2010/36, Florence, Italy. Gravelle, G. (1991). Corporate tax integration: Issues and options, CongressionalResearch Services report for congress: Washington D.C. Harberger, A.C. (1962), The Incidence of the Corporation Income Tax, Journal of PoliticalEconomy 70, 215-240. Heming, T. (1994). The effect of dividend imputation on the payout ratios ofAustralian companies. Australian Tax Forum 11, 203-227. Legal Dictionary (2013), Taxation. Retrieved fromhttps://legal- dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/taxation"taxation/a King, M.A. (1974), Taxation and the Cost of Capital, Review of Economic Studies41, 21-35. King, R. F. (1984). Tax expenditures and systematic public policy: An essay on the political economy of the federal revenue code. Public Budgeting Finance, Spring 1984, 14. King, M.A. (1977), Public Policy and the Corporation, Chapman and Hall, London. Nielsen, S.B. and P.B. Srensen (1997). On the optimality of the Nordic system of dual incomeTaxation. Journal of Public Economics 63, 311-329. Noor (2014), Taxation II, Open University Malaysia, OUM Business School, 46-49, Oliver O (1977), Transition to a Global Income Tax: A Comparative Analysis, 31 Bull. Intl Fisc. D Peter, B. (2010), Dual Income Taxes: A Nordic Tax System, Department of Economics University of Copenhagen, 2, Richard M. Dual (2010), Income Taxation and Developing Countries, Columbia Journal of Tax Law, 1, 174 Stanley S. (1985), Tax Expenditures, Harvard University Press, 24, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Surrey, S. S., McDaniel, P. R. (1980). The tax expenditure concept and the legislative process. In H. J. Aaron, M. J. Boskin (Eds.), The economics of taxation (pp. 123-144). Washington: Brookings. Vann, R. (1986). Eliminating the Double Tax on Dividends - Legal and Practical Issues Wellington: Victoria University Press. Chaps. 1, 2 and 5.

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Strategic Management and Competitiveness of Dell Company Name Intuit ion Strategic Management and Competitiveness of Dell Company Intro duction Dell is an American based global public corporation that design, make, and engages in a wide range of customers. Besides, it offers services and goods in computing gadgets as notebooks, tablets, and desktop PCs. Taking on its appeal to global markets, globalization, and technological changes have causes the operational and strategic managements in the business domains. As a result, globalization has assisted in retention of stiff competition and in attracting customers effectively hence causes the company in changing 'the strategies to capture the entire globe. It has also helped in the expansion of operation globally to reduce stiff competition among its competitors. Globalization has enabled Dell to operate worldwide enabling it to embrace different financial, sociocultural, political, and legal environmental changes hence overcomes business policy and structural system. Globalization has resulted in feeling Dell presence in other markets too hence retaining a large market sh are and opportunities everywhere. Due to globalization, Dell has developed internet based supply chain model that enable it to have direct sales to her clients. Besides, the model helps in making build-to-order, co-ordinate suppliers, and communication tactics hence one on one interaction with suppliers, customers, and employees. The use of internet has really helped in changing technological impact. The global era has also caused consumer buying behaviors changes in the industry and due to this customer have preferences for an effective and competent support system. Generally, globalization has resulted in the creation of several Dell outlets, change of strategies, and operational method in the entire company . Industrial Organization Model The industry uses Industrial Organization (I/O) model and Resource-based (RB) Model whereby the I/O model of above average returns explains the strategic choices of a firm and how it is influenced by external environment. It encompasses the general analysis of the industry and competitive environment, which causes the business to operate strategically efficient. The analysis of entire environment consists of investigating demographic, political, economic, socio-culture, and legal factors that would affect Dell knowledge in the creation of opportunities and threats for its operations. This analysis also would assist in creating awareness of new entrants, rivalry level, bargaining power, and other related products for consumers and suppliers. In analyzing competitors, the company will check objectives, assumptions, strategies, and capabilities of its main competitors like Nokia, Tecno, and Acer among others. The I/O model also will assist in curbing threats, boost opportuniti es, and achieve high returns on the business. On the other hand, RB model provides an explanation of an internal environment and making them aware of competitiveness and capabilities of the firm. Besides, it enables Dell to have information on weaknesses and strength in investigating the main in competencies. The information on the model helps Dell formulates strategies to limit weaknesses, empower strength, and increase turnover of the business. This model in itself is a source of information to manage resources and capabilities dynamically and earn above-average returns within computing device industry. To generalize, the combination of both models helps the firm to determine weaknesses, strengths hence achieving a high return for less effort. The Vision Mission Statements These critically provide information necessary to formulate objectives and the purposes of the business in an organization. Dell vision and mission state: "Our vision is not just to provide the best customer experience in our industry, but to be counted among the best in any business." (Dell) "Our mission is to be the most successful IT systems company in the world by delivering the best customer experience in all markets we serve." As it reads, it helps in choosing relevant strategies. To remain the best in the industry, Dell has developed a culture to continuously improve on diversity and remain competent in workforce worldwide. Through this, Dell shows uniqueness in service provision to customers and expresses global appearance hence achieving great sales returns. Besides, the mission of the company has provided integrity and good leadership for personal accountability. The mission statement has also achieved a lot in e-commerce and getting huge market shares of the fi rm. The mission also assists in cost minimization and profit maximization of the business. Through supply

Supriya Panjiyar Essays (766 words) - Hip Hop, Music, Gangsta Rap

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Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Quotes Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis  (full name Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis and often called Jackie Kennedy when she was First Lady) brought a youthful elegance to the White House during her tenure there. Briefly a photographer before her marriage to John F. Kennedy, and an editor after she was widowed for the second time when Aristotle Onassis died, she was mother to John F. Kennedy, Jr., and Caroline Kennedy (Schlossberg). Onassis was born in 1929 to the wealthy Bouvier family. She studied French literature at George Washington University before starting her photography career. Like many women, she left her career behind to marry her first husband, John F. Kennedy, and became one of the most iconic First Ladies during his presidency. She remarried in 1968, five years after Kennedys assassination, and remained married to shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis until his 1975 death. After her second husbands death, she returned to her professional career, becoming a book editor, first at Viking Press, then at Doubleday. She also advocated for historic preservation and was lightly involved in Democratic politics in her later years. Throughout her life, she was looked upon as a style icon, and still is to this day. In 1994, she died aged 64 of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Quotes About Marriage and Family If you bungle raising your children, I dont think whatever else you do well matters very much. There are many little ways to enlarge your childs world. Love of books is the best of all. Ill be a wife and mother first, then First Lady. What is sad for women of my generation is that they werent supposed to work if they had families. What were they going to do when the children are grown - watch the raindrops coming down the window pane? The one thing I do not want to be called is First Lady. It sounds like a saddle horse. Can anyone understand how it is to have lived in the White House and then, suddenly, to be living alone as the Presidents widow? (1974, in McCalls) Now, I think that I should have known that [Kennedy] was magic all along. I did know it - but I should have guessed that it would be too much to ask to grow old with and see our children grow up together. So now, he is a legend when he would have preferred to be a man. I dont think there are any men who are faithful to their wives. The first time you marry for love, the second for money, and the third for companionship. I think the best thing I can do is to be a distraction. A husband lives and breathes his work all day long. If he comes home to more table thumping, how can the poor man ever relax? Quotes About Career An Editor becomes kind of your mother. You expect love and encouragement from an Editor. (while Editor at Doubleday) Being a reporter seems a ticket out to the world. When Harvard men say they have graduated from Radcliffe, then weve made it. I always wanted to be some kind of writer or newspaper reporter. But after college... I did other things. Quotes About Life Even though people may be well known, they hold in their hearts the emotions of a simple person for the moments that are the most important of those we know on earth: birth, marriage and death. I want to live my life, not record it. There are two kinds of women: those who want power in the world, and those who want power in bed. Being away from home gave me the chance to look at myself with a jaundiced eye. I learned not to be ashamed of a real hunger for knowledge, something I had always tried to hide, and I came home glad to start in here again with a love for Europe that I am afraid will never leave me.

A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell Research Paper

A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell - Research Paper Example Both the story and the play gained much popularity, and many women writers and playwrights included them in their anthologies (Goodman 191). Since Glaspell had been acting as a court reporter in Iowa, she designed a story in which she showed some rural women pondering over the details of the murder of a man, whose wife had killed him. Women take clues from petty things in the murderer’s kitchen, and reach to the disclosure of who killed the man. Glaspell has claimed, after the story received warm appreciation, that it was based on a real court case when she was working as a reporter for the Des Moines Daily. She reported the murder of a sixty-year-old farmer, named John Hossack, in Indianola, Iowa, in 1900. He was found with a crushed skull on the night when he was sleeping with his wife. Somebody had crushed his skull with an axe. His wife, Margaret, was doubted, but was released due to unconvincing evidence. She said that she did not know who the murderer was. A lot of women of the town attended the trial. A sheriff’s wife showed sympathy with Mrs. Hossack, when she had first testified against her. This was the woman who depicted the character of Mrs. Peters in the story. Glaspell created a jury of those female peers in â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers†, because in real, females were not allowed as jurors in the court trial. This paper intends to discuss the main theme and focus of the play, along with the means and techniques the author used to communicate the idea. To start with, it is better to give a summary of the play, so that the reader gets a better idea about what the storywriter is trying to convey. The whole story is about the characters (the county attorney George Henderson, the neighbor Lewis Hale, the large Mrs. Martha Hale, The sheriff Henry Peters, and the thin Mrs. Peters) searching for clues to solve a murder case in a dull and messy kitchen of John Wright's farmhouse. The story begins with Mrs. Hale working in her kitchen, mak ing bread, when her husband, Mr. Hale, comes upon her and asks her to leave with him. She is furious for leaving the task she was doing, but leaves to join the county attorney George Henderson, and Mr. and Mrs. Henry Peters, at the place where the Wrights lived. Wrights were a couple all of them were familiar with. Mr. John Wright has been murdered. His wife, Mrs. Minnie Wright is being under arrest as a suspect. The women refer to her as Minnie Foster. The men- Peters, Henderson and Hale- search through the crime scene for evidence and clues, and mock at the women’s talk about the clues. They make fun of women’s discussion about the quilt, the broken door of the bird cage, and the dead canary. The men consider their interest in these objects as unimportant as Hale says, â€Å"Well, women are used to worrying over trifles†. When men move upstairs to look for evidence, the women search the chaotic kitchen and find clues which point to the guilt of Mrs. Wright. Me n had called these things as â€Å"trifles† and had said, â€Å"Nothing here but kitchen things†. The women form a bond with Mrs. Wright, when they see her shaggy clothing and the run down kitchen. As an objection to men’s mocking, the women decide to keep the evidence to themselves. Ironically, their discussion about unimportant things finally leads to uncovering the truth and solving the murder case.

Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example Organizations all differ in their culture. There are no too organizations with the exact culture. Cultural forms function as the linking mechanism by which networks of understanding develop among employees. The cultural forms shown in the table on pages 293-94 act as a medium for communicating ideologies, values, and norms. Cultural forms enable leaders to transmit messages about desirable culture to influence thinking and ways of behaving. Cultural forms also address the emotional aspects of organizations that are commonly referred to as cohesion or camaraderie. Organizational scholars Janice Beyer and Harrison Trice elaborate on this point: Cultural forms not only aid sense making through the meanings they convey; they also aid the sense making process through the emotional reassurances they provide that help people persist in their coping efforts. Forms provide a concrete anchoring point, even if the meaning they carry are vague and only imperfectly transmitted....Also many cultural forms involve the expression of emotion and, by this venting of emotions, help people to cope with stress.( http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.html) Organizational diversity is the mixture of different individuals. Differences such as race, age, gender, religion, and ethnics. Diversity is very important in the attractiveness of an organization. ... Technology is increasing at a rapid pace. The world's technology is set to double in the next seven years. An organization must be technology advanced to be able to keep a competitive advantage over its competition. Many times when upgrades are made in a company employee training is necessary. Communication in an organization is very important for its success. Managers must be able to communicate with their subordinates quickly and effectively. Communication channels need to be a too ways lane. Employee feedback allows management to measure their own success. Employees should feel free to constructively comment and offer creative ideas to managers. Communication can take place in person, over the phone, or electronically. An organization's culture is a very complex and sensitive issue. Companies must develop a culture that appeals both to its employees and customers. The culture of an organization is a resemblance of its personality. Employee and managers will be working together on a daily bases and must get along. Human resource management is somewhat different in the global environment that in the domestic environment. Several factors contribute to this. One factor is the differences in worldwide labor markets. Each country has a different min of workers, labor costs, and companies. Companies can choose the mix of human resources that is best for them. Another factor is differences in worker mobility. Various obstacles make it difficult or impossible to move workers form one country to another. These include physical, economic, legal, and cultural barriers. Still another factor is managerial practices. Different business subcultures choose to manage their resources, including people, in different ways. The more countries in which a company operates, the greater

Sanlu Group Essay Example for Free

Sanlu Group Essay The entire world was recently disturbed by the extensive scandal involving imported and contaminated milk coming from China. One company, the Sanlu Group, is believed to be at the center of this milk scare, and it is even speculated that the company had knowledge of the scandal before it was reported (Indiatimes, 2008). Sampling of imported milk from the top three Chinese milk companies are already being conducted worldwide, and it is estimated that ten percent of such milk samples are tainted with melamine, a toxic chemical. Several countries already had varying numbers of children affected or dead, resulting from the contamination of the products (Reuters Foundation, 2008). The said toxic chemical is said to be rich in nitrogen, and it makes the protein level appear higher for milk that has been watered down. Some of the observed harmful effects of melamine on humans, particularly children, are kidney stones and worse, death (Reuters Foundation, 2008). This scandal not only has deleterious effects for the business of China. Worse, it has caused death and severe health consequences to children in various countries across the world. The disorder resulting from the deaths and other injuries has now spread such that most, if not all, countries are conducting tests to determine whether their milk has melamine content. Furthermore, there has been a loss of confidence and a growing doubt in the minds of people on the food products coming from China, and this definitely causes riot in the health community, including the experts and the end consumers. References Indiatimes. (2008). Tainted-milk scam: China apologizes to Taiwan. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Tainted-milk_scam_China_apologizes_to_Taiwan/rssarticleshow/3523852.cms Reuters Foundation. (2008). FACTBOX:Chinas milk scam highlights risks, raises questions. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PEK72695.htm

A Haunting Past in Faulkners A Rose of Emily Essay -- essays research

A Haunting Past In William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Miss Emily Grierson holds on to the past with a grip of death. Miss Emily seems to reside in her own world, untarnished by the present time around her, maintaining her homestead as it was when her father was alive. Miss Emily’s father, the manservant, the townspeople, and even the house she lives in, shows that she remains stuck in the past incapable and perhaps reluctant to face the present. At the beginning of the story, the reader learns that Miss Emily â€Å"is portrayed as ’a fallen monument,’†¦ because she has shown herself susceptible to death (and decay) after all† (West 264). The house can also be perceived as a â€Å"fallen monument†(Faulkner 81) as the narrator proceeds to describe the house, magnificent as it once was, and how it has become dilapidated through the years. The same can be said about Miss Emily, as time passed she â€Å"looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue†(Faulkner 82). In her younger days however, she was â€Å"a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her clutching a horsewhip†(Faulkner 83). One of the many indications that Miss Emily is stuck in the past is her refusal to accept that her father is dead after holding on to his body for three days. â€Å"She wants to keep him as she has known him instead of allowing him to return to dust†(Kurtz 40). Miss Emily’s father had such an impact on her life, that she was left powerless in every aspect, thus her decision to live in the past where she knew she could be in control. The reader also learns that Miss Emily continued to retain a manservant long after slavery had ended. This â€Å"old m... ... Among them lay a collar and tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded, beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in the bed†¦ Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron- gray hair.(Faulkner 86-87) Up to the very end of Miss Emily’s life, her father was in the foreground watching and controlling, and Miss Emily unrelentingly held on to the past. She went as far as keeping a loved one’s body locked upstairs in her home for years. While admiring her loved one’s body from up close and afar, she managed to maintain a death grip on the past.

My essay of mice and mMen Essay

In the novel Of Mice And Mice Lenny and George are on there travels to look for work but everything seems to go wrong Because Lenny can not control his anger or his strength and George is all ways there to get Lenny out of trouble but George treats Lenny like it his is own brother. The novel is set in Weed and it is very hard to find work and live a living so Lenny and George set them selves of to look for work Lenny on his journey who has a heart of gold would never hurt any one or hurt anything finds a mouse a dead mouse he wants t play and tamper with the mouse but George says no and grabs the mouse and throws the mouse into the bushes but then Lenny gets really upsets and starts crying and shouting out load all I want to do is tamper and play with the mouse because I like tampering animals George says â€Å". Never mind Lenny I will get you a puppy you can tamper and play with† no Lenny says I want a mouse ok then George says what about if we get a job on the farm you cam tamper some rabbits , can I can I said Lenny of course you can just as long as your good and don’t pick up dead mousse which might have dieses and we wont want you catching something. Has Lenny and George carry on with there journey there become hungry and they settle down by the river and they drink the water and then they start a fire and has Lenny collects wood for the fire George prepares the food. Or they have is beans which Lenny starts getting angry I only want beans with tomato ketchup if we have no ketchup I don’t want any but we don’t have none said George you will have to do with what we have ok , but I want ketchup , we have not got none so stop moaning. George starts getting mad with Lenny and says to Lenny † I bet you if I was on my own I would have a job and nice food but no I am stuck with you moaning all the time can I tamper the rabbits can I tamper the rabbits you just get on my nerves† Lenny gets upset and says â€Å"if you want me to go I will, I will go up in the mountains and find a cave and live in there I will be ok then I wont get on your nerves† no Lenny you will never survive with out me it is best if we stick together. There one more thing I have to tell you if you get in any trouble all I want you to do is to run to this bush here and hide till I come for you ok. Lenny and George carry on with there travels they come to a farm to have a interview for a job they get there and meet up with a man called Candy who is very old and needs very good looking after and takes them to the manager to see if there have the job. They get they job and Lenny and George are very excited but the only thing that keeps coming out of Lennys mouth is â€Å"now can I tend the rabbits† George says if you are good. The job they are given is to pick wheat bags up and stack them on to the carriage but they are very and it takes two men to lift one bag, but then every one is stunned to watch has Lenny picks up one bag all by himself but no one knows how strong Lenny is. George lets Lenny tend the rabbits but has Lenny is tending the rabbits in the barn the managers son Curly HE goes to work and Curly wife follows Lenny into the barn. She starts talking to Lenny telling him that she hates Curly and she hates working here and that she wants to become a Hollywood star and then she asks Lenny what hw would like to do he says have a big house for him and George and have there own business and also he would love to tend the rabbits. But has she was going to reply Curly walked in and says to Lenny â€Å"why are you not doing you work get out there and finish of your job† then George walks in â€Å"what’s happening† says George then Curly and his wife walks out. â€Å"Lenny if you have any trouble of him or any one you tell me† then they all get back to work. George gives Lenny a puppy for his hard work Lenny is very excited and goes in the barn on his own and starts tending the puppy and guess who walks in Curlys wife â€Å"sorry for my husbands behavior† I don’t want to talk to you says Lenny why says Curlys wife , George has told me to stay away from you we don’t want any trouble so go away, but im friendly I only want to make friends â€Å"no† says Lenny. She walks away but seconds later she comes back and then Curly walks in â€Å"I have told you hundreds of times to stay away from my wife† then George walks in again to see Curly hitting and arguing with Lenny, Lenny stays there and George shouts out â€Å"Lenny defend yourself and has Lennys face is pouring with blood and cut eyes half way closed Curly goes to punch him and curlys little hand is trapped between Lennys big hand and Lenny squeezes his hand and hurts Curly badly. Then Lennys says to George â€Å"can I still tend the puppy† â⠂¬Å"of course you can you did nothing wrong† says George. They are getting along with there lives fine carrying on with there work keeping them selves to them selves then Lenny asks George can I tend the puppy George says yea sure, Lenny is in the barn tending the puppy and then he tends the puppy so hard he kills the puppy and then barn door opens so Lenny is frightened so he quickly hides the puppy under the hay, and Curlys wife walks in â€Å"hello† Lenny and she noticed he had hidden something under the hay so she removes the hay to find that Lenny had hidden the puppy and she saw the puppy was dead, Lenny says â€Å"don’t tell George it was an accident. I was tending it to hard † she says ok then she starts to talk to Lenny and she starts to get all emotional with Lenny she goes to kiss him and Lenny kisses her back and then he hugs her but with out him knowing his own strength he was hugging her to tight and he snaps her neck and she dies . Lenny is scared and frightened so he remembers what George said if you are in a lot of trouble run to this bush and hide until I find you so Lenny runs and hides. Curly has noticed that his wife has been killed and he knows who his responsible the first name he say is Lenny and George says how you know Curly says â€Å"look my wife has been killed and Lenny is know where to be seen† we need to find and I am going to kill him â€Å"no† says George you don’t know the whole story. As everyone at the works are looking for Lenny, George goes to the bush and he sees Lenny sitting there, Lenny is very upset and don’t know what to say George says â€Å"I know what you have done† â€Å"it was an accident† Lenny says. George says Lenny look over the river were we was drinking and keep looking down, George pulls out a gun at the side of his pocked holding it down between his spine join and then up to his head † Lenny want to go to a nice place were we have loads of money loads of food and loads of animals and a big farm were no one can hurt us and you can not hurt any one† yes please says Lenny â€Å"can we go now Lenny says with excitement , yea of course just keep looking at the river , ok Lenny says. Georges gut is hurting but without a word he presses the trigger BANG Lenny just lowers his body with out a noise and just lays there. George is upset for what he had done bur he knew that Lenny was safe now and that he is living the life that he has always wanted to live. George has learnt that you can not get anything that you wish for in life you just have to grab it why you have the chance. Eben if you loose the closes friend you have. THE END Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Statistics and Golf Ball

Case Study 1: Par, Inc. Par, Inc. , is a major manufacturer of golf equipments. Management believes that Par’s market share could be increased with the introduction of a cut-resistant, longer-lasting golf ball. Therefore, the research group at Par has been investigating a new golf ball coating designed to resist cuts and provide a more durable golf. The tests with the coating have been promising. One of the researchers voiced concern about the effect of the new coating on driving distances. Par would like the new cut-resistant ball to offer driving distances comparable to those of the current-model golf ball.To compare the driving distances for the two balls, 40 balls of both the new and current models were subjected to distance tests. The testing was performed with a mechanical hitting machine so that any difference between the mean distanced for the two models could be attributed to a difference in the two models. The results of the tests, with distances measured to the near est yard, follow. These data are available on the excel file â€Å"Golf†. Managerial Report 1. Formulate and present the rationale for the hypothesis test that par could use to compare the driving distances of the current and new golf balls. . Analyze the data to provide the hypothesis testing conclusion. What is the p-value for the test? What is your recommendation for Par, Inc.? 3. Provide descriptive statistical summaries of the data for each model. 4. What is the 95% confidence interval for the population mean of each model, and what is the 95% CI for the difference between the means of the two populations? 5. Do you see a need for the larger sample sizes and more testing with the golf balls? Discuss. Case Study 2: Higher Education in Asia-Pacific The pursuit of a higher education degree in business is now international.A survey shows that more and more Asians choose the MBA degree route to corporate success. The number of applicants for MBA courses at Asia-Pacific school s continues to increase about 30% a year. In 1997, the 74 business school in Asia-Pacific region reported a record 170,000 applicants for the 11,000 full time MBA degrees to be awarded in 1999. A main reason for the surge in demand is that an MBA can greatly enhance earning power. Across the region, thousands of Asians show an increasing willingness to temporarily shelve their careers and spend two years in pursuit of a theoretical business qualification.Courses in these schools are notoriously tough and include economics, banking, marketing, behavior sciences, labour relations, decision making, strategic thinking, business law, and more. The data named â€Å"Asian† shows some of characteristics of the leading Asia-Pacific business schools. Managerial Report Use the methods of descriptive statistics to summarise the data. Discuss your finding. 1. Include the summary for each variable in the data set. Make comments and interpretations based on maximums and minimums, as well as the appropriate means and proportions.What new insight do these descriptive statistics provide concerning Asian-Pacific business schools. 2. Summarise the data to compare the following: a. Any difference between local and foreign tuition costs. b. Any difference between mean starting salaries for schools requiring and not requiring work experience. c. Any difference between mean starting salaries for schools requiring and not requiring English tests. 3. Do starting salaries appear to be related to tuition? 4. Present any additional graphical and numerical summaries that will be beneficial in communicating the dataset and others.

Beowulf1 essays

Beowulf1 essays The society depicted in the poem Beowulf depended on two basic characteristics of its people. Loyalty and generosity are the two characteristics that bound this culture together. Throughout the poem, the people must depend on the loyalty and generosity of Beowulf and his warriors to defend them from evil. Society as described in Beowulf, was a very warlike society therefore, if Beowulf and his warriors were not giving of themselves in order to protect their people, the end result might have been drastically different. In the days of Beowulf the only reason for living was to be a loyal person, even if that meant death. If you were not a loyal person you basically had no reason to live because people would not even recognize you as a normal man. So it seems pretty obvious why most people during this time in society, were very loyal to their society and families. And in being a loyal person, also came giving of yourself. When the monster Grendel hears of the joy in Heorot and comes down to attack Beowulfs people the Danes, this is the first time we see loyalty When Beowulf hears of what Grendel did to the Heorot and the Danes, he gathers fifteen of his best men across the sea to help. Some critics argue that because of how Beowulf responds to situations such as this, he is full of pride and not loyalty. William Lawrence argues that since Beowulf is so quick to respond to a challenge and never backs down, that he is way to prideful. Lawrence writes that, although Beowulf is the hero of the poem, his eagerness to take a challenge is a symbol of his downfall, pride. However, Beowulf does what he says he will do and so therefore he has a right to brag to others. In this situation when he goes to fight with Grendel, Beowulf asks that he fight the monster alone. He knows that God will decide the outcome, so relying on that, he is loyal to his people by fight ...

How to Remove Ball Point Pen Ink

How to Remove Ball Point Pen Ink Ballpoint pen ink is not something that you can usually remove with simple soap and water, but there is an easy and inexpensive way to remove pen ink from surfaces or clothing. Materials You Will Need to Remove Pen Ink You can use any of a number of common household chemicals to lift away ink. The best of these is alcohol, because it dissolves pigments that are soluble in both water and organic solvents and because its gentle enough that it wont discolor or damage most fabrics. Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol)Shaving cream (if the alcohol doesnt remove the ink)Hairspray (if neither the alcohol nor shaving cream works)Non-flammable dry cleaning fluid (another option) Ink Removal Instructions Dab rubbing alcohol onto the ink.Allow a couple of minutes for the alcohol to penetrate the surface and react with the ink.Blot the ink stain using layers of white paper towels or a cloth that has been dampened in either alcohol or water.If the alcohol is ineffective, try using foaming shaving cream.If the shaving cream doesnt work, hairspray usually will remove ink, but it should only be used as a last resort because hairspray damages some surfaces and fabrics.A non-flammable dry cleaning fluid may remove certain inks. If you use dry cleaning fluid to remove a stain, rinse the area with water afterward. Gel ink pens use an ink that is made to be permanent. Alcohol will not remove gel ink, nor will acid. Sometimes it is possible to wear away gel ink using an eraser. Ink stains in wood usually involve gouges in the wood, which makes it harder to get to the ink. Be sure to remove all traces of alcohol from the wood after the ink has been removed, rinse the affected area with water, and condition the wood to help reverse the drying effects of the alcohol. Why Ballpoint Ink is So Hard to Remove The reason ballpoint pen ink is so tricky to remove is its chemical composition. Ballpoint pens and felt-tip markers consist of pigments and dyes suspended in water and organic solvents, which may include toluene, glyco-ethers, propylene glycol, and propyl alcohol. Other ingredients may be added to help the ink flow or stick to the page, such as resins, wetting agents, and preservatives. Basically, removing the ink requires a solvent that works with both polar (water) and nonpolar (organic) molecules. Because of the nature of the ink, its important to remove the stain before dry cleaning, because the solvents used in the process can release the stain and spread it to other parts of the fabric.

Write a summary of each of the following texts and discuss how the Essay

Write a summary of each of the following texts and discuss how the authors address the subject of identity - Essay Example If economics and political figures do not fix the globalization structure, people will not have what they want, which will become a part of their identity. Therefore, each decision that man makes affects his true self and identity. In the twenty-first century, economic changes were threatening the third American middle class because U.S. corporations started to transfer production jobs and service jobs to low-wage workers. Along with that, in many Third World countries of export-oriented development strategies made the global market for both skilled and unskilled labor to grow bigger. Reducing the cost of such imports as toys from China and shoes from Indonesia, it destroyed the jobs. Unfortunately, every sector from foreign competition, an ever growing number of manufacturing and service jobs were eliminated by technological innovations, which is a trend that will probably prove even more important than globalization over time.. Due to technologically driven increases in productivity, advances in manufacturing and automation have slashed the prices of consumer appliances such as televisions and personal computers. However, productivity growth threatens the middle class and other social classes in three ways due to the poor structure of globalization, which could increase economic growth if reconstructed correctly. Within the book, it seems that a cow in a foreign country makes more money than anyone in the world, which most economists cannot realize as a problem. With that fact, the book suggest that globalization needs to be restructured in order to benefit everyone since their actions define their identity. In â€Å"Art of Darkness,† blacks are settled in Britain, however some do not receive the same education and treatment as white students due to the fact that they are viewed as a minority race Furthermore, because of their lack culture acknowledgement from teachers, sometimes British blacks